Finding the most efficient solvent to dissolve the synthetic peptide may be one of the more challenging elements of researching synthetic peptides and peptide solubility. Even though many peptides are readily soluble in aqueous solutions (sterile water), certain researchers may have difficulties associated with poor or insolubility. This is especially true when dealing with peptides that include lengthy sequences of hydrophobic amino acids. On the other hand, researchers can attempt to forecast the solubility of any particular peptide by analyzing the traits associated with its amino acids.

The solubility of a peptide is mostly governed by the physical characteristics of the amino acids that make up the peptide. Four characteristics may be applied to amino acids: basic, acidic, polar uncharged, and non-polar. Hydrophobic amino acids are those that do not dissolve in aqueous solutions. Non-polar amino acids are hydrophobic. It is typically the case that organic solvents like DMSO, propanol, isopropanol, methanol, or DMF are better suited for the dissolution of peptides that include a relatively significant number of non-polar amino acids or polar uncharged amino acids. Dissolving peptides containing a high percentage of acidic amino acids is typically possible in basic solvents (such as ammonium hydroxide, although this should not be used with Cys).

On the other hand, peptides that contain a relatively high number of basic amino acids are typically able to be effectively dissolved in acidic solvents (such as acetic acid solution). However, researchers should always try to dissolve peptides in sterile water first. This is particularly important when the peptide has fewer than five residues (amino acids) since small peptides are often relatively easy to dissolve in water.

Guidelines for the Solubility of Peptides

To ensure that the optimal level of peptide solubility is not first obtained, researchers should always evaluate the solubility of peptides using a tiny quantity of the amino acid. Before trying to dissolve peptides in solution, allowing them to reach room temperature is necessary. Suppose the researchers cannot successfully dissolve the peptide in a sterile water solution. In that case, they should try solutions that can be removed through lyophilization. If these solvents are unsuccessful, they can be removed through lyophilization, allowing the researcher to start over without losing or compromising the peptide.

Techniques such as sonication or a modest warming of the solution (at a temperature of less than 40 degrees Celsius or 104 degrees Fahrenheit) may aid solubility. On the other hand, these procedures will help dissolving; they will not change the fundamental solubility qualities of a peptide.

Characteristics Relating to Peptide Solubility

The researcher must first analyze the amino acid composition of the peptide to predict the solubility characteristics of a particular peptide. The amount and kinds of ionic charges in the peptide affect its solubility. To be more specific, it is necessary to ascertain if the peptide of interest is acidic, basic, or neutral. Utilize the following procedures to determine this:

? The acidic residues, which are amino acids, should be assigned a value of -1. There are three of these: the C-terminal (COOH), the Asp (D), and the Glu (E).

? The second step is to give each basic residue a value of one. This category includes Lys (K), Arg (R), and N-terminal NH2 amino acids.

? In the presence of a pH of 6, assign one value to each His (H) residue.

? Determine the overall net charge of the peptide by summing up the entire amount of charges associated with the peptide.

Dissolution of the Peptide

After calculating the peptide's total net charge, the researcher may predict the peptide's solubility and then dissolve the peptide in another solution. First and foremost, it is essential to try to dissolve the peptide in a sterile water solution. Proceed to the following steps if water does not prove to be effective:

? If the peptide has a positive overall net charge, researchers should try to dissolve it in an acetic acid solution that contains between 10 and 30 percent. If this method does not provide the desired results, they should try to use TFA (less than 50 μl).

? If the charge of the peptide is negative, it is recommended to try to dissolve it using ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH; minimum volume of 50 μl). On the other hand, if the peptide includes Cys, professionals should not use ammonium hydroxide; rather, they should add a small quantity of DMF.

? Organic solvents are often the most effective when the peptide in question is neutral, meaning that it has an overall net charge of zero. Scientists should try using acetonitrile, methanol, or isopropanol as an alternative. They should try to dissolve the peptide in a small quantity of DMSO if it is very hydrophobic. Note that peptides that include cysteine, methionine, or tryptophan are susceptible to oxidation when exposed to DMSO. Moreover, some peptides tend to congregate (gel);

References

[i] Stevenson CL. Characterization of protein and peptide stability and solubility in non-aqueous solvents. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2000 Sep;1(2):165-82. doi: 10.2174/1389201003378942. PMID: 11467335.

[ii] Workman RJ, Gorle S, Pettitt BM. Effects of Conformational Constraint on Peptide Solubility Limits. J Phys Chem B. 2022 Dec 15;126(49):10510-10518. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06458. Epub 2022 Nov 30. PMID: 36450134; PMCID: PMC10270293.

[iii] Sarma R, Wong KY, Lynch GC, Pettitt BM. Peptide Solubility Limits: Backbone and Side-Chain Interactions. J Phys Chem B. 2018 Apr 5;122(13):3528-3539. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10734. Epub 2018 Feb 13. PMID: 29384681; PMCID: PMC5909690.

[iv] Jo BH. An Intrinsically Disordered Peptide Tag that Confers an Unusual Solubility to Aggregation-Prone Proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2022 Apr 12;88(7):e0009722. doi: 10.1128/aem.00097-22. Epub 2022 Mar 14. PMID: 35285717; PMCID: PMC9004385.

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